Questions: What is the problem of non-paradigm humans? A) Any criterion which apparently excludes animals from the domain of moral consideration will also, apparently, exclude certain human beings lacking the same criterion. C) Non-paradigm human beings, such as PVS and autistic patients, are sometimes misdiagnosed so that using them in experiments becomes exploitation. D) Non-paradigm, or abnormal, human beings are not good research subjects because the data they generate is non-paradigmatic, too.

The answer is A) Any criterion which apparently excludes animals from the domain of moral consideration will also, apparently, exclude certain human beings lacking the same criterion.

This option addresses a significant ethical issue known as the "problem of marginal cases." It highlights the challenge of establishing moral criteria that include all humans while excluding animals. If certain criteria exclude animals, they might also exclude some humans who do not meet those criteria, such as infants or individuals with severe cognitive impairments. This is a recognized problem in moral philosophy.

This option is irrelevant to the question of non-paradigm humans and does not address any ethical or philosophical issues related to the topic.

While this option touches on ethical concerns regarding the treatment and diagnosis of non-paradigm humans, it does not directly address the broader philosophical problem of moral consideration criteria.

This option discusses the practical challenges of using non-paradigm humans in research but does not address the ethical problem of moral consideration criteria.