The effective buffer range for a weak acid or base is typically within one pH unit above and below its \( \mathrm{p}K_a \). For the amino group of glycine, the \( \mathrm{p}K_a \) is 9.6. Therefore, the effective buffer range is:
\[
9.6 - 1 \leq \text{pH} \leq 9.6 + 1
\]
This simplifies to:
\[
8.6 \leq \text{pH} \leq 10.6
\]
To find the fraction of glycine in the protonated form \(-\mathrm{NH}_{3}^{+}\), we use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
\[
\text{pH} = \mathrm{p}K_a + \log \left( \frac{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_2]}{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_3^+]} \right)
\]
Rearranging to find the ratio:
\[
\log \left( \frac{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_2]}{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_3^+]} \right) = \text{pH} - \mathrm{p}K_a
\]
Substitute \(\text{pH} = 9\) and \(\mathrm{p}K_a = 9.6\):
\[
\log \left( \frac{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_2]}{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_3^+]} \right) = 9 - 9.6 = -0.6
\]
Convert the log ratio to a fraction:
\[
\frac{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_2]}{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_3^+]} = 10^{-0.6} \approx 0.2512
\]
The fraction of protonated glycine is:
\[
\frac{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_3^+]}{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_3^+] + [\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_2]} = \frac{1}{1 + 0.2512} \approx 0.7994
\]
To change the pH from 9.0 to 10.0, we need to adjust the ratio of \([\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_2]\) to \([\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_3^+]\). Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation again:
For \(\text{pH} = 10\):
\[
10 = 9.6 + \log \left( \frac{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_2]}{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_3^+]} \right)
\]
\[
\log \left( \frac{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_2]}{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_3^+]} \right) = 0.4
\]
\[
\frac{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_2]}{[\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH}_3^+]} = 10^{0.4} \approx 2.5119
\]
Initially, at pH 9, the ratio was 0.2512. To achieve a ratio of 2.5119, we need to add KOH to convert \(-\mathrm{NH}_3^+\) to \(-\mathrm{NH}_2\).
Let \( x \) be the moles of KOH added:
\[
\frac{0.1 - x}{x} = 2.5119
\]
Solving for \( x \):
\[
0.1 - x = 2.5119x
\]
\[
0.1 = 3.5119x
\]
\[
x \approx 0.0285 \, \text{mol}
\]
Since the KOH solution is 5 M, the volume of KOH needed is:
\[
\frac{0.0285 \, \text{mol}}{5 \, \text{M}} = 0.0057 \, \text{L} = 5.7 \, \text{mL}
\]
(a) The effective buffer range is \(\boxed{8.6 \leq \text{pH} \leq 10.6}\).
(b) The fraction of glycine in the \(-\mathrm{NH}_3^+\) form at pH 9 is \(\boxed{0.7994}\).
(c) The amount of 5 M KOH needed to change the pH from 9.0 to 10.0 is \(\boxed{5.7 \, \text{mL}}\).