The answer is Technology for separating the seed from the cotton fiber.
Long-staple cotton, which has longer fibers, was indeed limited to coastal areas due to its specific growing conditions. However, this limitation did not directly contribute to the rapid development of upland cotton growing in the South.
Sharecropping and tenant farming became more prevalent after the Civil War, particularly during the Reconstruction era. These systems were not a primary factor in the early 19th century development of cotton growing.
While the South had a weaker manufacturing sector compared to the North, this was not a direct factor in the rapid development of cotton growing. The focus on agriculture, particularly cotton, was more a result of economic choices rather than a cause of the rapid expansion.
The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 was a pivotal technological advancement that allowed for the rapid processing of upland cotton. This technology significantly reduced the labor required to separate seeds from cotton fibers, making cotton production much more efficient and profitable. As a result, it spurred the expansion of cotton cultivation in the South, making it a dominant agricultural product in the region.