The answer is C: Candidates had to win primary elections to secure their party's nomination.
Explanation for each option:
A. Party elites gained significant influence in determining their party's nominee.
This option is incorrect. Prior to 1972, party elites and leaders had more influence in selecting presidential candidates through a system of caucuses and conventions. However, the reforms that began in 1972 aimed to reduce the influence of party elites and increase the role of the general public in the nomination process.
B. Nominees were decided based on the outcomes of national conventions alone.
This option is incorrect. While national conventions still play a role in the nomination process, the reforms starting in 1972 emphasized the importance of primary elections. The outcomes of these primaries largely determine the delegates' votes at the conventions, rather than the conventions being the sole deciding factor.
C. Candidates had to win primary elections to secure their party's nomination.
This option is correct. The McGovern-Fraser Commission reforms, implemented after the 1968 Democratic National Convention, led to a significant change in the nomination process. Starting in 1972, the process became more democratic, with a greater emphasis on primary elections, allowing voters to have a direct say in selecting their party's presidential candidate.
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