Questions: Which statement about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true? Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement. Children rarely feel guilty for cheating or lying unless they are caught or punished for their behavior. Children feel guilty for any mishap, including those that are accidental. Children feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions.

The answer is: Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.

Explanation for each option:

1. Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.
   This statement is true. In middle childhood, pride can encourage children to pursue new challenges and build on their achievements. Guilt, on the other hand, can lead to self-reflection and motivate children to improve their behavior or rectify mistakes, fostering personal growth.

2. Children rarely feel guilty for cheating or lying unless they are caught or punished for their behavior.
   This statement is generally false. While external consequences can heighten feelings of guilt, many children in middle childhood have developed a sense of morality and can feel guilty for dishonest actions even if they are not caught. This internalized sense of right and wrong is part of their developing conscience.

3. Children feel guilty for any mishap, including those that are accidental.
   This statement is not entirely accurate. While some children might feel guilty for accidents, especially if they perceive them as preventable, guilt typically arises from intentional actions or perceived moral failings. Accidental mishaps are more likely to evoke feelings of regret or sadness rather than guilt.

4. Children feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions.
   This statement is false. Children can experience guilt even in the absence of witnesses. As they develop a more sophisticated understanding of morality, they begin to internalize standards of behavior and can feel guilty based on their own judgment of their actions, regardless of external observation.