The answer is d. All of the above are true.
The Federalists, who supported the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, advocated for a strong central government with the power to tax. This was a significant change from the Articles of Confederation, under which the federal government lacked the authority to impose taxes directly, leading to financial difficulties.
Federalists also supported granting the federal government the power to make treaties. This was seen as essential for maintaining a coherent foreign policy and ensuring that the United States could engage effectively with other nations.
The power to declare war was another authority that Federalists believed should reside with the federal government. This was intended to provide a unified national response to threats and conflicts, rather than relying on individual states to make such decisions.
Overall, the Federalists sought to create a strong central government with sufficient powers to govern effectively, which included the powers to tax, make treaties, and declare war.