Questions: Which of the following refers to determining what information is needed and how that information can be obtained efficiently and effectively?

The answer is: The marketing research problem.

Explanation for each option:

1. The management decision problem: This refers to the broader issue that a manager needs to address, which often involves making a decision based on the information provided by marketing research. It is not specifically about determining what information is needed or how to obtain it.

2. The marketing research objective: This defines the specific goals that the marketing research aims to achieve. While it is related to the information needed, it does not encompass the process of determining how to obtain that information efficiently and effectively.

3. Secondary data: This refers to data that has already been collected for some other purpose and is available for use. It is a type of data, not a process for determining what information is needed or how to obtain it.

4. The marketing research problem: This involves identifying what information is needed to address the management decision problem and determining the best way to collect that information. It is specifically about the process of figuring out what data is necessary and how to gather it efficiently and effectively.

Therefore, the correct answer is "The marketing research problem" as it directly pertains to determining the necessary information and the methods for obtaining it.