The answer is B: Cataclysmic.
Explanation for each option:
A. Maturational: These stressors are related to the normal life transitions and developmental stages, such as puberty, marriage, or retirement. They are not typically associated with causing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
B. Cataclysmic: These stressors involve sudden, large-scale events that affect many people, such as natural disasters, wars, or terrorist attacks. Such events can be traumatic and are often linked to the development of PTSD in individuals who experience them.
C. Personal: Personal stressors are significant life events that affect an individual, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or job loss. While they can be very stressful and may contribute to mental health issues, they are not as commonly associated with PTSD as cataclysmic events.
D. Chronic: Chronic stressors are ongoing, persistent stressors, such as living in poverty or enduring a long-term illness. While they can lead to various health problems, they are not typically the direct cause of PTSD, which is more often triggered by acute, traumatic events.