The answer is 3. imperialist practices of European countries
This option is incorrect because the Sepoy Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion were not related to African colonies. The Sepoy Rebellion took place in India, and the Boxer Rebellion occurred in China. Both were responses to foreign influence and control, not internal conflicts within African colonies.
This option is incorrect as neither the Sepoy Rebellion nor the Boxer Rebellion was a response to Russian aggression. These events were primarily reactions to the influence and control exerted by European powers, not Russia.
This is the correct option. The Sepoy Rebellion (also known as the Indian Mutiny of 1857) was a response to British colonial rule in India, which included economic exploitation and cultural imposition. Similarly, the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) in China was a reaction against foreign influence, particularly from European countries, and the spread of Christianity, which was seen as a threat to traditional Chinese culture.
This option is incorrect because the Sepoy Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion were not primarily about rivalries between Asian nations. Instead, they were responses to the presence and practices of European imperial powers in Asia.