Questions: Heights of adult males are known to have a normal distribution. A researcher claims to have randomly selected adult males and measured their heights with the resulting relative frequency distribution as shown here. Identify two major flaws with these results. Height (cm) Relative Frequency 130-144 22 % 145-159 25 % 160-174 23 % 175-189 27 % 190-204 29 % Select all that apply. A. All of the relative frequencies appear to be roughly the same. If they are from a normal distribution, they should start low, reach a maximum, and then decrease. B. The relative frequencies were recorded as percents instead of counts. C. All of the relative frequencies are different. If they are from a normal distribution, they should all be exactly the same. D. The classes do not allow for the possibility that an adult male could be between 144 cm and 145 cm tall, or between 159 cm and 160 cm tall, and so on. E. The sum of the relative frequencies is 126 %, but it should be 100 %, with a small possible round-off error. F. The classes do not allow for the possibility that an adult male could be less than 130 cm tall or greater than 204 cm tall.

Heights of adult males are known to have a normal distribution. A researcher claims to have randomly selected adult males and measured their heights with the resulting relative frequency distribution as shown here. Identify two major flaws with these results.

Height (cm)  Relative Frequency
130-144  22 %
145-159  25 %
160-174  23 %
175-189  27 %
190-204  29 %

Select all that apply.
A. All of the relative frequencies appear to be roughly the same. If they are from a normal distribution, they should start low, reach a maximum, and then decrease.
B. The relative frequencies were recorded as percents instead of counts.
C. All of the relative frequencies are different. If they are from a normal distribution, they should all be exactly the same.
D. The classes do not allow for the possibility that an adult male could be between 144 cm and 145 cm tall, or between 159 cm and 160 cm tall, and so on.
E. The sum of the relative frequencies is 126 %, but it should be 100 %, with a small possible round-off error.
F. The classes do not allow for the possibility that an adult male could be less than 130 cm tall or greater than 204 cm tall.
Transcript text: Heights of adult males are known to have a normal distribution. A researcher claims to have randomly selected adult males and measured their heights with the resulting relative frequency distribution as shown here. Identify two major flaws with these results. \begin{tabular}{c|c} \hline Height (cm) & \begin{tabular}{c} Relative \\ Frequency \end{tabular} \\ \hline $130-144$ & $22 \%$ \\ \hline $145-159$ & $25 \%$ \\ \hline $160-174$ & $23 \%$ \\ \hline $175-189$ & $27 \%$ \\ \hline $190-204$ & $29 \%$ \\ \hline \end{tabular} Select all that apply. A. All of the relative frequencies appear to be roughly the same. If they are from a normal distribution, they should start low, reach a maximum, and then decrease. B. The relative frequencies were recorded as percents instead of counts. C. All of the relative frequencies are different. If they are from a normal distribution, they should all be exactly the same. D. The classes do not allow for the possibility that an adult male could be between 144 cm and 145 cm tall, or between 159 cm and 160 cm tall, and so on. E. The sum of the relative frequencies is $126 \%$, but it should be $100 \%$, with a small possible round-off error. F. The classes do not allow for the possibility that an adult male could be less than 130 cm tall or greater than 204 cm tall.
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Solution

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Solution Steps

Step 1: Analyze the Relative Frequencies

The relative frequencies provided in the table are:

  • 130-144 cm: 22%
  • 145-159 cm: 25%
  • 160-174 cm: 23%
  • 175-189 cm: 27%
  • 190-204 cm: 29%

For a normal distribution, the relative frequencies should start low, increase to a maximum around the mean, and then decrease symmetrically. However, in this table, the relative frequencies do not follow this pattern. Instead, they are roughly the same across all height ranges, which is inconsistent with a normal distribution.

Step 2: Check the Sum of Relative Frequencies

The sum of the relative frequencies is: \[ 22\% + 25\% + 23\% + 27\% + 29\% = 126\% \] For a valid relative frequency distribution, the sum should be 100%, with a small possible round-off error. The sum of 126% is significantly higher than 100%, indicating a major flaw in the data.

Step 3: Evaluate the Class Intervals

The class intervals in the table are:

  • 130-144 cm
  • 145-159 cm
  • 160-174 cm
  • 175-189 cm
  • 190-204 cm

These intervals do not allow for the possibility of heights falling exactly on the boundaries (e.g., 144 cm to 145 cm). Additionally, the table does not account for heights less than 130 cm or greater than 204 cm, which could be possible in a real-world dataset.

Final Answer

The two major flaws with the results are:

  1. The relative frequencies do not follow the expected pattern of a normal distribution. They should start low, reach a maximum, and then decrease, but in this case, they are roughly the same across all height ranges.
  2. The sum of the relative frequencies is 126%, which is significantly higher than the expected 100%. This indicates an error in the data.

\[ \boxed{\text{A and E}} \]

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