Questions: Who were caliphs under the Islamic Golden Age?

The answer is Rulers of Islamic countries.

This is the correct answer. Caliphs were the political and religious leaders of the Muslim community and ruled over Islamic countries during the Islamic Golden Age. They were considered successors to the Prophet Muhammad in leading the Muslim community.

This is incorrect. While historians played a significant role in documenting the Islamic Golden Age, they were not caliphs. Caliphs were rulers, not historians.

This is incorrect. Students of Muslim Imams are those who learn Islamic teachings and jurisprudence, but they are not caliphs. Caliphs held a leadership position over the entire Muslim community.

This is partially correct but not the best answer. While caliphs were indeed leaders of the Muslim religion, their primary role was as rulers of Islamic countries, which encompasses both political and religious leadership.