Questions: Juda participates in a study of masculinity. The experimenter tells Juda about their hypothesis that people who identify as more "masculine" will feel more anger when they get bumped in the hallway. Now that he knows the hypothesis, Juda reports feeling angrier than he really feels when he's bumped in the hallway during the study. Juda's behavior in this experiment is an example of: (A) Non-random assignment (B) Expectancy (placebo) effect (C) Participant demand (D) B and C

The answer is (C) Participant demand.

Explanation for each option:

(A) Non-random assignment: This refers to a situation in an experiment where participants are not randomly assigned to different groups or conditions. This is not relevant to Juda's behavior, as the issue here is not about how participants were assigned to groups.

(B) Expectancy (placebo) effect: This occurs when participants experience changes in their behavior or feelings because they believe they are supposed to, due to the expectations set by the experimenter. While this might seem related, the key aspect of the expectancy effect is that the change is often unconscious. In Juda's case, he is consciously reporting feeling angrier than he actually is, which is not typical of the expectancy effect.

(C) Participant demand: This occurs when participants try to guess the purpose of the study and alter their behavior to fit what they believe the experimenter expects. Juda's behavior fits this description because he is aware of the hypothesis and is adjusting his reported feelings to align with what he thinks the experimenter wants to see.

(D) B and C: While both B and C involve participants altering their behavior based on the experimenter's influence, Juda's conscious alteration of his behavior aligns more specifically with participant demand rather than the expectancy effect.

In summary, Juda's behavior is best described as an example of participant demand, where he changes his behavior to match the perceived expectations of the study.