Questions: Robert accidentally tossed a Frisbee onto the roof of the house. Since a ladder was not available, Robert taped a rake onto a shovel and used the elongated rake to reach the Frisbee. This type of thinking to achieve a goal is known as: - creative solutions - subgoaling - problem solving - convergent thinking

The answer is the third one: problem solving.

Explanation for each option:

1. Creative solutions: While Robert's method is indeed creative, the term "creative solutions" is more general and does not specifically describe the process of thinking used to achieve the goal.
2. Subgoaling: This involves breaking down a larger goal into smaller, more manageable sub-goals. Robert's action does not involve breaking down the task into smaller steps.
3. Problem solving: This is the correct answer. Problem solving involves finding a way to achieve a goal when the solution is not immediately obvious. Robert used problem-solving skills to devise a method to retrieve the Frisbee.
4. Convergent thinking: This type of thinking involves finding a single, correct solution to a problem. While Robert did find a solution, the term "problem solving" more accurately describes the overall process he used.

Summary: Robert's method of taping a rake onto a shovel to retrieve the Frisbee is an example of problem solving, as it involves devising a method to achieve a goal when the solution is not immediately apparent.