Questions: Which of the following is not an area in which goals affect outcomes? choice effort persistence affection

The answer is "affection."

Explanation for each option:

1. Choice: Goals influence the choices individuals make. When people set specific goals, they are more likely to choose actions and paths that align with achieving those goals. This is a recognized aspect of goal-setting theory, which suggests that clear goals can guide decision-making processes.

2. Effort: Goals significantly impact the amount of effort individuals are willing to put into a task. When a person has a clear and challenging goal, they are often motivated to exert more effort to achieve it. This is a fundamental principle of motivation theories, such as Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory.

3. Persistence: Goals also affect persistence, which is the ability to continue working towards a goal despite obstacles or difficulties. When individuals are committed to a goal, they are more likely to persist in their efforts over time, even when faced with challenges.

4. Affection: This is not typically an area where goals directly affect outcomes. Affection refers to feelings of fondness or love, which are more related to emotional and interpersonal dynamics rather than the cognitive and motivational processes involved in goal setting and achievement. Therefore, "affection" is the correct answer as it is not an area in which goals affect outcomes.