The answer is "All these answers are correct."
Giotto di Bondone, an Italian painter and architect from Florence, is often considered a pioneer of the Renaissance. His work marks a departure from the Byzantine style that dominated medieval art, introducing more naturalistic and human-centered approaches. Giotto's frescoes, such as those in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, exhibit a new realism through their use of perspective, emotional expression, and lifelike figures.
Geoffrey Chaucer, known as the Father of English literature, brought a new level of realism to his writings in the fourteenth century. His most famous work, "The Canterbury Tales," provides a vivid portrayal of a diverse group of pilgrims, each with distinct personalities and stories. Chaucer's use of the English vernacular and his keen observations of human nature contribute to the realistic quality of his literature.
The Dance of Death, or Danse Macabre, is a medieval allegory that reflects the universality of death. The woodcuts and illustrations depicting this theme often show a procession of people from all walks of life being led by skeletons. These images, which became popular in the fourteenth century, are notable for their detailed and realistic portrayal of both the living and the dead, emphasizing the inevitability of death and the equality it brings.
Each of these examples—Giotto's paintings, Chaucer's writings, and the woodcuts of the Dance of Death—demonstrates the new realism that emerged in the fourteenth century, making "All these answers are correct" the most comprehensive response.