Questions: Question 35 According to Merton, what type of violence would gang retribution killings constitute? instrumental substantive expressive None of the above

The answer is C: expressive.

Explanation for each option:

1. Instrumental: This type of violence is goal-oriented and used as a means to an end. It is typically employed to achieve a specific objective, such as financial gain or power. Gang retribution killings are not primarily about achieving a specific goal beyond the act itself, so this option is incorrect.

2. Substantive: This term is not commonly used in the context of types of violence in sociological theories, including Merton's. Therefore, it is not the correct answer.

3. Expressive: This type of violence is an end in itself and is often driven by emotions such as anger, frustration, or the need to assert dominance. Gang retribution killings are typically motivated by the desire to retaliate and assert dominance or honor, making them a form of expressive violence.

4. None of the above: Since expressive violence accurately describes gang retribution killings, this option is incorrect.

Therefore, according to Merton, gang retribution killings would constitute expressive violence.