Questions: Question 12 How do we define a confirmation bias? a. People's tendency to agree with others whose attitudes differs from theirs b. People's tendency to reinterpret earlier information to make it more consistent with subsequent information c. People's tendency to behave according to others' expectations d. People's tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs

The answer is D: People's tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs.

Explanation for each option:

a. People's tendency to agree with others whose attitudes differ from theirs: This describes a form of social conformity or peer pressure, not confirmation bias. Confirmation bias involves seeking information that aligns with one's own beliefs, not necessarily agreeing with others.

b. People's tendency to reinterpret earlier information to make it more consistent with subsequent information: This describes a cognitive bias known as "hindsight bias" or "consistency bias," where people adjust their memories or interpretations to fit new information, rather than seeking information that confirms existing beliefs.

c. People's tendency to behave according to others' expectations: This is more related to the concept of the "Pygmalion effect" or "self-fulfilling prophecy," where individuals perform in ways that align with others' expectations, rather than seeking information that confirms their own beliefs.

d. People's tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs: This is the correct definition of confirmation bias. It refers to the cognitive bias where individuals favor information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses, while giving disproportionately less consideration to alternative possibilities.