Questions: 3. What did the Montgomery Bus Boycott accomplish? 4. What was the goal of the "sit-ins" during the Civil Rights Movement? 5. What was the purpose for the March on Washington? 6. Explain what the poll tax and literacy tests were designed to do. 7. Define the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 8. How were Malcolm X's beliefs different than those of MLK Jr.? 9. What were the goals of the Black Panther Party? How were/are they viewed by the public?

Certainly! Let's address each question in order:

3. What did the Montgomery Bus Boycott accomplish?

   The Montgomery Bus Boycott, which began in December 1955 and lasted for over a year, was a pivotal event in the Civil Rights Movement. It successfully ended racial segregation on public buses in Montgomery, Alabama. The boycott was sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her seat to a white person. The sustained protest led to a Supreme Court ruling in November 1956 that declared segregation on public buses unconstitutional. This victory demonstrated the power of nonviolent protest and mass mobilization, and it helped to propel Martin Luther King Jr. into national prominence as a leader of the Civil Rights Movement.

4. What was the goal of the "sit-ins" during the Civil Rights Movement?

   The "sit-ins" were a form of nonviolent protest aimed at challenging racial segregation in public places, particularly at lunch counters in the Southern United States. The most famous sit-in began in February 1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina, when four African American college students sat at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter and refused to leave after being denied service. The goal was to draw attention to the injustice of segregation and to push for integration. The sit-ins were effective in raising awareness and led to the desegregation of many public facilities.

5. What was the purpose for the March on Washington?

   The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place on August 28, 1963. Its primary purpose was to advocate for civil and economic rights for African Americans. The march is best known for Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech, which called for an end to racism and for civil and economic equality. The event was instrumental in building momentum for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

6. Explain what the poll tax and literacy tests were designed to do.

   Poll taxes and literacy tests were tools used primarily in the Southern United States to disenfranchise African American voters and, in some cases, poor white voters. The poll tax required individuals to pay a fee to vote, which many African Americans and poor people could not afford. Literacy tests were designed to be difficult and were often administered in a discriminatory manner, with the intent of preventing African Americans from voting. These measures were part of the Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation and were eventually outlawed by the 24th Amendment and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

7. Define the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

   The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination, thus becoming a crucial step in the fight for civil rights. The Act also strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools.

8. How were Malcolm X's beliefs different than those of MLK Jr.?

   Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. were both prominent leaders in the Civil Rights Movement, but they had different philosophies and approaches. Martin Luther King Jr. advocated for nonviolent resistance and believed in working within the existing political system to achieve racial equality. He emphasized integration and peaceful protest. In contrast, Malcolm X, especially during his early years with the Nation of Islam, advocated for black self-reliance, self-defense, and was more open to the use of violence if necessary. He was critical of the mainstream civil rights movement's emphasis on integration, instead promoting black nationalism. However, after his pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm X's views evolved to support racial unity and cooperation.

9. What were the goals of the Black Panther Party? How were/are they viewed by the public?

   The Black Panther Party, founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, aimed to address issues of racial injustice, police brutality, and economic inequality faced by African Americans. Their goals included self-defense, community control, and the establishment of social programs such as free breakfast for children and health clinics. The Party's Ten-Point Program outlined demands for freedom, employment, housing, education, and an end to police brutality.

   Public perception of the Black Panther Party was mixed. Some viewed them as a necessary force for change and empowerment within the African American community, while others, particularly the government and mainstream media, saw them as a militant and radical group. The FBI considered them a threat to national security and conducted operations to undermine their activities. Today, the Black Panther Party is often recognized for its contributions to social justice and community empowerment, though it remains a controversial subject in American history.