Questions: Social loafing is the reduction in individual effort that occurs when people work in groups instead of alone.

The answer is d) Social loafing

Groupthink refers to a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. It is not related to the reduction in individual effort.

A mindguard is a member of a group who protects the group from dissenting opinions or information that might disrupt the consensus. This term is not related to individual effort reduction.

Role differentiation refers to the process by which members of a group take on different roles or responsibilities. It does not specifically address the reduction in individual effort.

Social loafing is the reduction in individual effort that occurs when people work in groups instead of alone. It is a well-documented phenomenon in social psychology where individuals exert less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group compared to when they work alone.