Questions: denying one the right to vote by drawing a red line through a citizen's name in the voter registry the practice of banks refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods the practice of denying someone rights by labeling him or her a communist the practice of drawing districts that are biased against minority groups

The question seems to describe various discriminatory practices. Let's address each one:

1. Denying one the right to vote by drawing a red line through a citizen's name in the voter registry: This practice is commonly known as "voter suppression." It involves various tactics used to prevent certain groups of people from exercising their right to vote. Historically, this has affected minority groups, the poor, and other marginalized communities.

2. The practice of banks refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods: This is known as "redlining." Redlining is a discriminatory practice where services (financial and otherwise) are denied to residents of certain areas based on their race or ethnicity. It was officially outlawed in the United States with the Fair Housing Act of 1968, but its effects are still felt today.

3. The practice of denying someone rights by labeling him or her a communist: This refers to "McCarthyism," a term derived from the actions of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s. During this period, many individuals were accused of being communists or communist sympathizers, leading to loss of employment, blacklisting, and other forms of persecution without proper evidence.

4. The practice of drawing districts that are biased against minority groups: This is known as "gerrymandering." Gerrymandering involves manipulating the boundaries of electoral districts to favor one party or class, often resulting in underrepresentation of minority groups. It can undermine the democratic process by diluting the voting power of certain populations.

Each of these practices has significant historical and social implications, and they highlight the ongoing challenges related to civil rights and equality.