Questions: Circle the number next to any FALSE statements 1. It is important that scientists remain passive observers when conducting research. 2. External validity means the results of the study apply in the real world. 3. Situation sampling improves the external validity of a study. 4. Naturalistic observation records real world events without any intervention. 5. Participant observers may be open about their role as a researcher or undercover 6. Structured observations and field studies both create artificial situations that appear realistic. 7. Interobserver reliability indicates clear coding systems and good training for raters. 8. Demand characteristics occur when participants try to adjust their behavior to cultural norms. 9. Reactivity can be reduced through the process of habituation or desensitization. 10. Observer bias occurs when researchers falsify results to support their hypotheses.

To determine which statements are false, let's evaluate each one:

1. It is important that scientists remain passive observers when conducting research.
   This statement is generally false. While passive observation is a method used in some research, scientists often engage actively with their subjects or experiments to gather data, test hypotheses, and draw conclusions.

2. External validity means the results of the study apply in the real world.
   This statement is true. External validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to real-world settings.

3. Situation sampling improves the external validity of a study.
   This statement is true. Situation sampling involves studying behavior in different contexts and situations, which can enhance the generalizability of the findings.

4. Naturalistic observation records real world events without any intervention.
   This statement is true. Naturalistic observation involves observing subjects in their natural environment without manipulation or interference by the researcher.

5. Participant observers may be open about their role as a researcher or undercover.
   This statement is true. Participant observers can either disclose their role to the subjects or remain covert, depending on the study's design and ethical considerations.

6. Structured observations and field studies both create artificial situations that appear realistic.
   This statement is false. Structured observations often involve creating controlled environments, but field studies typically involve observing behavior in natural settings without creating artificial situations.

7. Interobserver reliability indicates clear coding systems and good training for raters.
   This statement is true. High interobserver reliability suggests that observers are consistent in their measurements, often due to clear coding systems and thorough training.

8. Demand characteristics occur when participants try to adjust their behavior to cultural norms.
   This statement is false. Demand characteristics refer to cues in an experiment that might inform participants of the purpose of the study, leading them to change their behavior to fit perceived expectations, not necessarily cultural norms.

9. Reactivity can be reduced through the process of habituation or desensitization.
   This statement is true. Habituation and desensitization can help reduce reactivity by allowing participants to become accustomed to the presence of observers or the experimental setting.

10. Observer bias occurs when researchers falsify results to support their hypotheses.
    This statement is false. Observer bias refers to the tendency of researchers to see what they expect to see, which can influence their observations and interpretations, but it does not necessarily involve falsifying results.

The false statements are:

1. It is important that scientists remain passive observers when conducting research.
2. Structured observations and field studies both create artificial situations that appear realistic.
3. Demand characteristics occur when participants try to adjust their behavior to cultural norms.
4. Observer bias occurs when researchers falsify results to support their hypotheses.