The answer is b: scientific theory.
Explanation for each option:
a. Scientific fact: A scientific fact is an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and is accepted as true. However, a hypothesis or group of hypotheses, even when supported by evidence, does not become a fact; it becomes a theory.
b. Scientific theory: A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence and has stood the test of time. It is developed from hypotheses that have been repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation.
c. Peer-reviewed scientific prediction: While peer review is an important part of the scientific process, a prediction is not the end result of a hypothesis being supported by evidence. Predictions are specific outcomes that can be tested, but they do not represent a comprehensive explanation like a theory does.
d. Proven scientific explanation: In science, nothing is ever "proven" in the absolute sense. Scientific explanations are supported by evidence and can be very reliable, but they remain open to revision or refutation with new evidence. The term "proven" is not typically used in scientific contexts for this reason.
In summary, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses is supported by repeated experimental evidence and remains verified over time, it is developed into a scientific theory.