Questions: Phil Jones of the Southern Oil Field Supply Co. is told by a foreign offici obtain the contract that he critically needs unless he pays a bribe. Which ethical theories would not allow bribing? Ethnocentric morality Deontological theory Utilitarian ethical theory Moral relativism

The answer is B: Deontological theory.

Explanation for each option:

A. Ethnocentric morality: This approach involves evaluating other cultures according to the standards of one's own culture. It does not inherently provide a clear stance on bribery, as it depends on the cultural norms of the evaluator's society. If the evaluator's culture condemns bribery, then ethnocentric morality might oppose it, but this is not a universal rule.

B. Deontological theory: This ethical theory, often associated with philosopher Immanuel Kant, focuses on the adherence to rules, duties, and obligations. Deontological ethics would not allow bribing because it considers the morality of actions based on whether they adhere to a set of rules or duties, rather than the consequences. Bribery is generally seen as a violation of ethical duties and rules, making it impermissible under deontological ethics.

C. Utilitarian ethical theory: Utilitarianism evaluates the morality of an action based on its outcomes or consequences, aiming to maximize overall happiness or utility. In some cases, if bribing leads to a greater good or the best overall outcome, utilitarianism might justify it. Therefore, it does not categorically oppose bribery.

D. Moral relativism: This perspective suggests that moral judgments are based on cultural, societal, or personal standards, and there are no absolute moral truths. Under moral relativism, bribery could be acceptable if it aligns with the norms of the relevant culture or society, so it does not inherently oppose bribery.

In summary, deontological theory is the ethical framework that would not allow bribing, as it emphasizes adherence to moral duties and rules, which typically prohibit such actions.