Questions: © Macmillan Learning Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of: smiling. screaming. fighting. thinking.

The answer is the last one: thinking.

Explanation for each option:

• Smiling: Early behaviorists were interested in observable behaviors, such as smiling, because they could be directly seen and measured. Therefore, they would focus on smiling.

• Screaming: Like smiling, screaming is an observable behavior that can be measured and analyzed, making it a suitable subject for behaviorists.

• Fighting: Fighting is another observable behavior that can be studied in terms of its frequency, intensity, and context, aligning with the behaviorist focus on observable actions.

• Thinking: Unlike the other options, thinking is an internal mental process that cannot be directly observed. Structuralists were more interested in introspection and the study of mental processes, whereas early behaviorists focused on observable behaviors and were less likely to study thinking.

In summary, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of thinking because it is not directly observable, which contrasts with their emphasis on observable behavior.