For part d, the z-scores corresponding to the carapace lengths between \( 17 \, \text{mm} \) and \( 18 \, \text{mm} \) are \( z_{start} = -1.79 \) and \( z_{end} = -1.16 \) with a probability of \( 0.09 \).
For part e, the z-score corresponding to the carapace length exceeding \( 22 \, \text{mm} \) is \( z = 22.0 \).
Thus, the final answers are:
\[
\boxed{z_{start} = -1.79, \, z_{end} = -1.16, \, z = 22.0}
\]