Questions: - You were first asked to elicit a second stimulus after the force of the muscle completely fell. The second stimulus should have resulted in a stronger second contraction. What phenomenon was demonstrated and what generally causes that phenomenon? -When asked to elicited multiple stimuli before the muscle completely relaxed, what kind of summation were you simulating? - When you were asked to "mash" the stimulus button, what phenomenon were you trying to simulate?

- You were first asked to elicit a second stimulus after the force of the muscle completely fell. The second stimulus should have resulted in a stronger second contraction. What phenomenon was demonstrated and what generally causes that phenomenon? -When asked to elicited multiple stimuli before the muscle completely relaxed, what kind of summation were you simulating? - When you were asked to "mash" the stimulus button, what phenomenon were you trying to simulate?
Transcript text: - You were first asked to elicit a second stimulus after the force of the muscle completely fell. The second stimulus should have resulted in a stronger second contraction. What phenomenon was demonstrated and what generally causes that phenomenon? -When asked to elicited multiple stimuli before the muscle completely relaxed, what kind of summation were you simulating? - When you were asked to "mash" the stimulus button, what phenomenon were you trying to simulate?
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Solution

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Let's break down and answer each of the first three questions in turn:

  1. You were first asked to elicit a second stimulus after the force of the muscle completely fell. The second stimulus should have resulted in a stronger second contraction. What phenomenon was demonstrated and what generally causes that phenomenon?

    The phenomenon demonstrated is known as Treppe or the staircase effect. This occurs when a muscle is stimulated a second time immediately after it has completely relaxed from a previous contraction. The second contraction is stronger than the first. This is generally caused by an increase in intracellular calcium ions (Ca²⁺) and improved enzyme efficiency within the muscle fibers due to the initial contraction. The initial contractions help to "warm up" the muscle, making subsequent contractions more forceful.

  2. When asked to elicit multiple stimuli before the muscle completely relaxed, what kind of summation were you simulating?

    This scenario describes temporal summation (also known as wave summation). Temporal summation occurs when a muscle is stimulated repeatedly in such a way that the next stimulus is applied before the muscle has completely relaxed from the previous contraction. This results in a stronger overall contraction because the forces of the individual twitches combine.

  3. When you were asked to "mash" the stimulus button, what phenomenon were you trying to simulate?

    Mashing the stimulus button simulates tetanus. Tetanus occurs when the frequency of stimulation is so high that there is no relaxation phase between stimuli, leading to a sustained and maximal contraction of the muscle. This can be further classified into incomplete (unfused) tetanus, where there are slight relaxations between stimuli, and complete (fused) tetanus, where the muscle contraction is smooth and continuous without any relaxation.

Summary:

  • The first phenomenon demonstrated is Treppe, caused by increased intracellular calcium and improved enzyme efficiency.
  • The second phenomenon is temporal summation, where multiple stimuli before complete relaxation lead to stronger contractions.
  • The third phenomenon is tetanus, achieved by rapidly stimulating the muscle to produce a sustained contraction.
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