Questions: is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.

The answer is: Learning

Explanation for each option:

1. Observing: This refers to the act of watching or noticing something. While observing can lead to learning, it is not in itself a change in behavior or knowledge. It is a process that can contribute to learning but does not define the outcome.

2. Memory: Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information over time. It is a crucial component of learning, as it allows us to retain the knowledge we acquire. However, memory itself is not the change in behavior or knowledge; it is the mechanism that supports it.

3. Innate or unlearned behavior: These are behaviors that are inherent and not acquired through experience. Examples include reflexes and instincts. Since these behaviors are not the result of experience, they do not fit the definition provided in the question.

4. Learning: Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. This option directly matches the definition given in the question, making it the correct answer.