The answer is C: do not provide adequate opportunities for children to learn effectively.
Explanation for each option:
A. "are receiving funds to increase the quality of education for inner-city youth" - This option is incorrect. Jonathan Kozol's research, particularly in his book "Savage Inequalities," highlights the lack of funding and resources in inner-city schools, rather than an increase in funding.
B. "have done an excellent job of integrating students from diverse backgrounds" - This option is incorrect. Kozol's work often points out the persistent segregation and inequality in educational opportunities, rather than successful integration.
C. "do not provide adequate opportunities for children to learn effectively" - This option is correct. Kozol's research emphasizes the inadequate educational opportunities provided to students in inner-city schools, due to factors such as insufficient funding, poor facilities, and lack of resources.
D. "are where older teachers about to retire get placed" - This option is incorrect. While Kozol discusses various challenges faced by inner-city schools, the placement of older teachers nearing retirement is not a primary focus of his findings.