Questions: Which of the following items is not a management concept that was created to improve company performance? Select one: a. Just-in-time manufacturing. b. Total quality management. c. Customer orientation. d. GAAP constraints and guidelines. e. Continuous improvement.

The answer is d. GAAP constraints and guidelines.

Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing is a management concept aimed at improving company performance by reducing waste and increasing efficiency. It involves producing goods only as they are needed, which minimizes inventory costs and enhances production processes.

Total quality management (TQM) is a management approach focused on long-term success through customer satisfaction. It involves continuous improvement of organizational processes, leading to high-quality products and services.

Customer orientation is a business approach that prioritizes the needs and satisfaction of customers. It involves understanding and meeting customer expectations, which can lead to improved company performance through increased customer loyalty and sales.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are a set of accounting standards and guidelines used for financial reporting. While GAAP ensures consistency and transparency in financial statements, it is not a management concept designed to improve company performance. Instead, it provides a framework for financial reporting.

Continuous improvement is a management philosophy that focuses on constantly improving processes, products, and services. It aims to enhance efficiency, reduce waste, and increase overall company performance through incremental changes.