- The \( 95\% \) confidence interval for the population proportion is \( (0.171, 0.248) \).
- The interpretation is: With \( 95\% \) confidence, the proportion of nonprofits that indicate turnover as the biggest employment challenge at their organization in the population is in this interval.
- The required sample size for the follow-up study is \( 1591 \).
\[
\boxed{(0.171, 0.248), \text{ Interpretation: C, Required Sample Size: 1591}
\]