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The diagram represents the Miller-Urey experiment, a classic experiment designed to simulate the conditions on early Earth and test the hypothesis that organic molecules could be formed from inorganic precursors under those conditions.

The apparatus consists of a closed system of interconnected glass chambers. One chamber contains water that is heated to produce water vapor. This vapor then enters a larger chamber containing a mixture of gases (H₂O, CO₂, NH₃, CH₄, H₂). Electrodes in this chamber generate sparks, simulating lightning. A condenser cools the gases, causing any newly formed compounds to condense into liquid, which is then collected in a lower flask. A stopcock allows for sampling of this liquid. The vacuum pump removes air from the apparatus, creating a more reducing atmosphere similar to early Earth.

The experiment simulates the conditions of early Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The water vapor represents the water cycle, the gas mixture represents the reducing atmosphere, and the sparks simulate lightning. The heat helps drive the reaction. The cooling condenser allows any products of the reactions caused by the spark to condense into the collection flask. The purpose of the vacuum pump is to remove oxygen gas from the system to mimic the ancient earth conditions, since the presence of oxygen can prevent the formation of more complex organic molecules. The stopcock allows scientists to take samples for analysis without disrupting the ongoing experimental process.

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