Questions: Analyze Craft and Structure Author's Purpose: Rhetoric Franklin's speech was successful: The Constitution was approved and sent to the states for ratification. Franklin's text provides examples of several rhetorical devices, or ways of using language for effect, that appeal to an audience and produce a successful oratory. - Paradox is a statement or idea that seems contradictory but actually presents a truth. For example, in Shakespeare's Hamlet, the statement "I must be cruel to be kind" seems illogical. On reflection, however, it demonstrates a deeper truth: Sometimes, one must face a painful reality in order to rise above or learn from it. - Concession is the acknowledgment of an opponent's arguments. - Rhetorical questions are questions asked for effect-to make a point, or introduce a topic. The speaker does not expect the audience to answer, because the answer is obvious. While not strictly an example of a rhetorical device, a speaker's tone, or attitude toward the subject and audience, can also sway listeners. Phrasing and word choice combine to convey tone, which may be ironic, serious, humorous, friendly, distant, cynical, earnest, and so on.

To analyze the craft and structure of Franklin's speech, particularly focusing on the author's purpose and the use of rhetorical devices, we need to examine how Franklin employs these techniques to persuade his audience and achieve his goal of having the Constitution approved.

1. Paradox:

   • Definition: A paradox is a statement that appears contradictory but reveals a deeper truth upon reflection.
   • Example in Franklin's Speech: Franklin might use a paradox to highlight the complexity and necessity of compromise in the creation of the Constitution. For instance, he could argue that "We must accept imperfection to achieve perfection," suggesting that while the Constitution may not be flawless, it is the best possible framework for governance.
   • Effect: This paradoxical statement would encourage the audience to accept the Constitution despite its flaws, understanding that striving for an unattainable ideal could hinder progress.

2. Concession:

   • Definition: Concession involves acknowledging the validity of an opponent's argument.
   • Example in Franklin's Speech: Franklin could concede that there are elements of the Constitution that some may find objectionable. For example, he might say, "I confess that there are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve."
   • Effect: By acknowledging the concerns of his opponents, Franklin builds credibility and demonstrates his fairness and reasonableness. This can make his overall argument more persuasive, as it shows he has considered multiple perspectives.

3. Rhetorical Questions:

   • Definition: Rhetorical questions are asked to make a point rather than to elicit an answer.
   • Example in Franklin's Speech: Franklin might ask, "Have we not already endured enough discord and division?" This question implies that the audience should recognize the need for unity and cooperation.
   • Effect: Such questions engage the audience, prompting them to reflect on the issues at hand and leading them to the conclusion that Franklin desires without him having to state it outright.

4. Tone:

   • Definition: Tone refers to the speaker's attitude toward the subject and audience, conveyed through word choice and phrasing.
   • Example in Franklin's Speech: Franklin's tone might be earnest and conciliatory, aiming to unite the delegates. He could use phrases like "our mutual interest" and "common good" to foster a sense of shared purpose.
   • Effect: A sincere and inclusive tone can help to build rapport with the audience, making them more receptive to the speaker's message.

By employing these rhetorical devices and maintaining a thoughtful tone, Franklin effectively persuades his audience to support the Constitution. His use of paradox highlights the necessity of compromise, his concessions build trust, his rhetorical questions provoke reflection, and his tone fosters unity. These elements combined contribute to the success of his speech and the eventual ratification of the Constitution.