Questions: When using the square always be careful to avoid double-counting outcomes. addition rule multiplication rule

Solution Steps

To determine which rule or formula requires caution to avoid double-counting outcomes, we need to understand the context in which each option is used. The addition rule in probability is often where double-counting can occur, especially when dealing with overlapping events.

We need to determine which rule or formula requires caution to avoid double-counting outcomes. The options are:

1. Addition rule
2. Polygraph test
3. Multiplication rule
4. Odds formula

The addition rule in probability is used to find the probability of the union of two events. For events \(A\) and \(B\), the addition rule is given by: \[ P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B) \] Double-counting can occur if we do not subtract \(P(A \cap B)\).

• Polygraph test: This is not a mathematical rule or formula.
• Multiplication rule: This rule is used for the intersection of independent events and does not involve double-counting.
• Odds formula: This formula is used to express the likelihood of an event and does not involve double-counting.

Final Answer