Questions: Specify the formal charges (both sign and magnitude) on the atoms labeled a-c.

Specify the formal charges (both sign and magnitude) on the atoms labeled a-c.
Transcript text: Specify the formal charges (both sign and magnitude) on the atoms labeled a-c.
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Solution

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Solution Steps

Step 1: Identify the Valence Electrons
  • For each atom, determine the number of valence electrons in its neutral state.
    • Oxygen (O) has 6 valence electrons.
    • Carbon (C) has 4 valence electrons.
    • Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.
    • Phosphorus (P) has 5 valence electrons.
Step 2: Count the Electrons in Bonds and Lone Pairs
  • For each labeled atom, count the electrons in bonds and lone pairs.
    • For atom a (O) in the first molecule: 1 double bond (2 electrons) + 2 lone pairs (4 electrons) = 6 electrons.
    • For atom b (C) in the first molecule: 3 single bonds (6 electrons) + 1 double bond (2 electrons) = 8 electrons.
    • For atom c (O) in the first molecule: 1 single bond (2 electrons) + 3 lone pairs (6 electrons) = 8 electrons.
    • For atom a (C) in the second molecule: 1 single bond (2 electrons) + 1 lone pair (2 electrons) = 4 electrons.
    • For atom b (C) in the second molecule: 4 single bonds (8 electrons) = 8 electrons.
    • For atom c (H) in the second molecule: 1 single bond (2 electrons) = 2 electrons.
Step 3: Calculate the Formal Charge
  • Use the formula: Formal Charge = (Valence Electrons) - (Non-bonding Electrons) - (Bonding Electrons / 2)
    • For atom a (O) in the first molecule: 6 - 4 - (2/2) = 6 - 4 - 1 = +1
    • For atom b (C) in the first molecule: 4 - 0 - (8/2) = 4 - 0 - 4 = 0
    • For atom c (O) in the first molecule: 6 - 6 - (2/2) = 6 - 6 - 1 = -1
    • For atom a (C) in the second molecule: 4 - 2 - (2/2) = 4 - 2 - 1 = +1
    • For atom b (C) in the second molecule: 4 - 0 - (8/2) = 4 - 0 - 4 = 0
    • For atom c (H) in the second molecule: 1 - 0 - (2/2) = 1 - 0 - 1 = 0

Final Answer

  1. Formal charges for the first molecule:

    • a: +1
    • b: 0
    • c: -1

  2. Formal charges for the second molecule:

    • a: +1
    • b: 0
    • c: 0
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