Questions: Specify the formal charges (both sign and magnitude) on the atoms labeled a-c.

Specify the formal charges (both sign and magnitude) on the atoms labeled a-c.
Transcript text: Specify the formal charges (both sign and magnitude) on the atoms labeled a-c.
failed

Solution

failed
failed

Solution Steps

Step 1: Identify the Valence Electrons
  • For each atom, determine the number of valence electrons in its neutral state.
    • Oxygen (O) has 6 valence electrons.
    • Carbon (C) has 4 valence electrons.
    • Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.
    • Phosphorus (P) has 5 valence electrons.
Step 2: Count the Electrons in Bonds and Lone Pairs
  • For each labeled atom, count the electrons in bonds and lone pairs.
    • For atom a (O) in the first molecule: 1 double bond (2 electrons) + 2 lone pairs (4 electrons) = 6 electrons.
    • For atom b (C) in the first molecule: 3 single bonds (6 electrons) + 1 double bond (2 electrons) = 8 electrons.
    • For atom c (O) in the first molecule: 1 single bond (2 electrons) + 3 lone pairs (6 electrons) = 8 electrons.
    • For atom a (C) in the second molecule: 1 single bond (2 electrons) + 1 lone pair (2 electrons) = 4 electrons.
    • For atom b (C) in the second molecule: 4 single bonds (8 electrons) = 8 electrons.
    • For atom c (H) in the second molecule: 1 single bond (2 electrons) = 2 electrons.
Step 3: Calculate the Formal Charge
  • Use the formula: Formal Charge = (Valence Electrons) - (Non-bonding Electrons) - (Bonding Electrons / 2)
    • For atom a (O) in the first molecule: 6 - 4 - (2/2) = 6 - 4 - 1 = +1
    • For atom b (C) in the first molecule: 4 - 0 - (8/2) = 4 - 0 - 4 = 0
    • For atom c (O) in the first molecule: 6 - 6 - (2/2) = 6 - 6 - 1 = -1
    • For atom a (C) in the second molecule: 4 - 2 - (2/2) = 4 - 2 - 1 = +1
    • For atom b (C) in the second molecule: 4 - 0 - (8/2) = 4 - 0 - 4 = 0
    • For atom c (H) in the second molecule: 1 - 0 - (2/2) = 1 - 0 - 1 = 0

Final Answer

  1. Formal charges for the first molecule:

    • a: +1
    • b: 0
    • c: -1

  2. Formal charges for the second molecule:

    • a: +1
    • b: 0
    • c: 0
Was this solution helpful?
failed
Unhelpful
failed
Helpful

Questions asked by other users

failedAnswered
Which of the following describes the basic structure of Hinduism. 1) The universe is the product of Kalki's imagination. We as individuals must orient our minds to align with that of Kalki to see correctly through illusion to achieve Moksha. 2) The universe is the emanation of Brahman. The field of existence is marked by cyclical time of birth and rebirth which is Samsara. Samsara is governed by the laws of karma which dictate the mode of rebirth. Releasement from Samsara is when atman or the soul recognizes its true nature through as Brahman. This releasement is Moksha 3) Brahman determines karma or actions within the cycle of birth and rebirth, which is Samsara. Our soul, Atman, is fated to a particular kind of life. We don't know what our karmic fate will be, but we must nevertheless worship Brahman. 4) Atman is the minor body or soma of Brahman, which is the major body. When Brahman shrinks to appear as Avatara He offers signs that must be taken and used. Failing to do this results in karma, which perpetuates the Samsaric cycle.
failedAnswered
Identificar la integral que representa la longitud de arco entre los puntos (1,1) y (2,16) de la curva y = x^4 + 2
failedAnswered
Write the numbers in increasing order from left to right. 0, -1, 1, -4, 4, -8 The numbers in increasing order are ,
failedAnswered
Multiple Select Question Select all that apply What statements about caffeine and sleep are true? For some people, drinking coffee in the morning can affect their sleep throughout the following evening. Caffeine found in sodas, teas, or chocolate does not affect sleep. Caffeine affects the homeostatic sleep drive. People who don't sleep well should consider drinking coffee.
failedAnswered
Prove the following by showing the algebra. If vectors u and v are unit vectors and perpendicular and live in R^3, then u+v = sqrt(2).