Questions: In the medieval period, what were the Crusades? A The attempts to Christianize the pagan Germanic tribes B The attacks of Muslim armies into Europe C Church-instigated wars to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims D Revival tours lead by Rev. Billy Graham

The answer is C

This option is incorrect. The attempts to Christianize the pagan Germanic tribes occurred primarily during the early Middle Ages, particularly through the efforts of missionaries like St. Boniface and the policies of rulers like Charlemagne. These efforts were not part of the Crusades.

This option is also incorrect. While there were indeed Muslim incursions into Europe, such as the Umayyad conquest of Hispania and the later Ottoman invasions, these events are not what the term "Crusades" refers to.

This is the correct answer. The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period, primarily aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and other holy sites in the Near East from Muslim control. The First Crusade began in 1096 and resulted in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.

This option is incorrect. Rev. Billy Graham was a 20th-century Christian evangelist known for his revival meetings and crusades, but these events are not related to the medieval Crusades.