Questions: 2. Which nursing theory of care describes how the nurse's presence in the nurse-patient relationship goes beyond the physical and material world, facilitating the development of a higher sense of self the patient? a. Swanson's Theory of Caring Processes b. Madeline Leininger's Cultural Care Theory c. Watson's Theory of Human Caring d. Boykin and Schoenhofer's Theory of Nursing as Caring

The answer is c. Watson's Theory of Human Caring

Swanson's Theory of Caring Processes focuses on five caring processes: knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief. While it emphasizes the importance of the nurse-patient relationship, it does not specifically address the transcendence beyond the physical and material world.

Leininger's Cultural Care Theory emphasizes the importance of cultural competence in nursing care. It focuses on understanding and integrating patients' cultural beliefs and practices into their care but does not specifically address the nurse's presence facilitating a higher sense of self.

Watson's Theory of Human Caring is centered on the idea that caring is a moral ideal and involves a deep connection between the nurse and patient. It emphasizes the transpersonal nature of caring, where the nurse's presence goes beyond the physical and material world, facilitating the development of a higher sense of self in the patient.

Boykin and Schoenhofer's Theory of Nursing as Caring focuses on the idea that caring is the essence of nursing and involves being authentically present with patients. While it highlights the importance of presence, it does not specifically describe the transcendence beyond the physical and material world as Watson's theory does.