The answer is B: operant conditioning.
Explanation for each option:
a. Observational learning: This involves learning by watching others and imitating their actions. In this scenario, Jacie did not learn by observing someone else; rather, she learned from her own experience of receiving a speeding ticket.
b. Operant conditioning: This is a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences. In this case, Jacie's behavior (speeding) resulted in a negative consequence (receiving a ticket), which led her to change her behavior to avoid future tickets. This is a clear example of operant conditioning, where the consequence of an action influences future behavior.
c. Classical conditioning: This involves learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a significant stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response. Jacie's situation does not involve such associations; it is more about the consequences of her actions.
d. Motivation: While motivation can influence behavior, it is not a learning process in itself. Jacie's change in behavior is due to the consequence of her previous action (receiving a ticket), which aligns more with operant conditioning than with motivation alone.