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22. The overall lightness or darkness of a radiograph is called a. density b. contrast c. definition d. f ∘ g packets following ry store film 24. What device is used to control the size and shape of the primary x-ray beam? a. filter b. rectifier c. collimator d. film holder 25. Which material provides the best protection from x-ray photons? (stops xrays) a. aluminum b. concrete c. lead d. wood 26. The cervical collar on a lead apron is placed to protect the: a. reproductive organs b. vital organs in the chest area c. thyroid gland d. spinal column 27. According to the nuclear regulatory commission, the annual maximum permissible dose (MPD) to occupationally-exposed individuals should not exceed: a. .03 Sv(30 msv) b. .05 Sv(50 mSv) c. 3.0 Sv(3000 mSv) d. 5.0 Sv(5000 mSv) 29. The paralleling technique of radiographic exposure fulfills which of the following principles of ideal projection? 1. The radiation source is small 2. The source-object distance is long 3. The object-film distance is short 4. The object and film are parallel 5. The central ray strikes the object and film at a 90 degree angle a. 1,2,3,4 b. 1,2,3,5 c. 1,2,4,5 d. 1,3,4,5 e. 1,2,3,4,5 30. After the x-ray unit is turned off, for how long do x-rays continue to exist in the room? a. For 6 seconds if the exposure time was 1 / 6 second b. For 6 minutes if the exposure time was 1 / 6 second c. It depends on the humidity in the room d. It depends on the kvp setting e. The x-rays no longer exist in the room once the exposure is complete
Q4. A body with density d=2 g / cm^3 sinks in the liquid with density d=1g / cm^3, If drag force Ff=100 v Vb eta. Where Vb is volume of the body, v=20 m / s is terminal velocity and eta is viscosity. Find the viscosity eta. A) 1 Pas B) 2 Pas C) 4 Pa.s D) 5 Pa.s E) 3 Pa.s Q5. Which one is incorrect. A) In specular reflection some of the reflected rays are parallel. B) In diffuse reflection some of the reflected rays can be parallel. C) For the image in a plan mirror right is left. D) A reflection produced by a smooth surface is Specular. E) Reflection from a rough surface is Diffuse. Q6) 2 kg metal with volume 10^(-3) m^3 sinks in the liquid with density 1g / cm^3. What is the acceleration of the metal in terms of the gravitational acceleration g. A) g / 5 B) g / 3 C) g/4 D) g E) g / 2 Q7) 216 kg spherical object with density 2 g / cm^3 sinks in the liquid with density 1 g / cm^3 and viscosity eta=10 / 3 Pa.s. What is the terminal velocity in terms of m / s. (Assume pi=3 and g=10) A) 50 B) 40 C) 30 D) 60 E) 20 Q8) How much heat energy is required to increase the temperature of 2 kg water from 40 Celsius to 80 Celsius? ( C=1 cal / gK ) A) 40000 cal B) 80 Cal C) 80 cal Q9) If temperature decreases to K=0 Kelvin entropy goes: A) zero B) maximum C) does not change D) remains constant E) none Q10) Galvanometer measures: A) Resistance B) Voltage C) Current D) Capacitance E) none Q11) A cubic object with volume 27000 cm^3 and density 2 g / cm^3 is on the incline with angle 60 degrees. find the pressure on the surface of the incline. A) 30000 Pa B) 20000 Pa C) 60000 Pa D) 3 Pa E) 6 Pa Q12) After closing the S gate. If the capacitance is C=2 F, what is the charge of the capacitor at the end? A) 6 C B) 3 C C) 9 C D) 2 C E) none
Bros256-Week 1 Case Study: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease The stomach acts as a major site of protein digestion, utilizing a mixture of hydrochloric acid and proteases to breakdown complex proteins into peptides that can be further digested in the small Intestine. However, the utilization of such a strong acid within the body can lead to tissue deterioration if steps are not taken by the digestive system. Within the stomach, mucosal cells can secrete an alkaline mucus that will coat the stomach mucosal lining, preventing the acid from coming into direct contact with the lining. Some conditions such as in peptic ulcers will result in patches within the stomach lining that are not protected with mucus, leading to the acid breaking down the lining. To prevent the acid from escaping the confines of the stomach, sphincters are utilized to prevent the flow of acid up through the esophagus (lower esophageal sphincter) and down to the duodenum (pyloric sphincter). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid is regurgitated into the esophagus and can lead to a burning sensation in the chest, a sour taste in the back of the throat, sore throat, nausea, and bloating. Some of the conditions that can increase the prevalence of GERD include the consumption of excessive amounts of caffeine, alcohol, chocolate, or spicy foods; pregnancy; delayed stomach emptying; and birth defects such as esophageal atresia (narrowing) and hernias. Common treatments include a change in lifestyle and diet, antacids, histamine H2-receptor antagonist medications, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Antacids work by neutralizing the stomach acid and inhibiting the proteases. Histamine H-receptor antagonists work by preventing the inflammatory responses within the stomach, leading to less production of stomach acid. Proton pump inhibitors act on the proton pumps found in stomach acid producing cells and preventing the pushing of hydrogen ions into the lumen of the stomach, preventing stomach acid from being produced. Background: Siobhan Smith, a 45-year-old instructor, has come to the clinic to discuss frequent "heartburn and vomiting" for the past 3 months. She has no issues with swallowing, food getting stuck, or respiratory issues. There is no abdominal pain. She has tried over-the counter antacids with only a little relief. Desired Outcomes: 1. Determine if Siobhan's sensations of "heartburn" are, in fact, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). 2. Educate Siobhan on the potential causes of GERD. 3. Identify appropriate recommendations based on the findings of a GI endoscopy. Findings: Siobhan's upper GI endoscopy found inflammation within the esophageal and pharyngeal mucosa. No abnormal findings were found within the stomach of intestines. A further esophageal pH test determined that excess acid was built up within the esophagus. Questions: 1. What is the anatomical structure that malfunctions in individuals with GERD? 2. Explain how stomach acid can affect mucus membranes that are not adequately protected.