Chemistry

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In neutral atoms, the number of protons and electrons is equal. Since protons are assigned a +1 charge and electrons are assigned a -1 charge, the atom with equal amounts of protons and electrons is neutral. In ions, this is not so. In ions, the number of protons and electrons are either gained or lost electrons. So, if lithium, Li, is written as Li+, you know that lithium has lost one electron. In losing one electron, lithium will have one proton more than its number of electrons, producing an offset of +1 in charge. Ions can have a variety of charges, such as +, -, +2, -2 and so on. (For +1 and -1 charges the "1" is sometimes not written and only the + and - are written.) Remember: When ions are formed only electrons are added or removed. The number of protons cannot be changed. Doing so would change the identity of the element (as is done in a nuclear reaction). It is always electrons being added or removed from an atom to form an ion. Fill in the blanks to determine the number of protons and electrons in an oxygen ion. (Consult the periodic table to determine the number of protons in a neutral oxygen atom.) The O^2- ion has protons and electrons. Express your answers as integers separated by a comma. If a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, it will become a charged particle called an ion. Cations have a positive charge, and anions have a negative charge. For example, the figure below depicts a sodium atom becoming a 1+ cation by losing one electron, and a chlorine atom becoming a 1- anion by gaining an electron. After which, the sodium cation has a total of 10 electrons and the chloride anion has a total of 18 electrons.
Module OI Homework Question 18 of 18 (1 point) Question Attempt 1 of Unlimited Experiments were done on a certain pure substance X to determine some of its properties. There's a description of each experiment in the table below. In each case, decide whether the property measured was a chemical or physical property of X, if you can. If you don't have enough information to decide, choose can't decide in the third column. property experiment physical or chemical? P A small sample of X is dissolved in water. Drops of another solution, containing dissolved sodium hydroxide, are slowly added, and a pH indicator is used to determine when the sodium hydroxide has completely reacted with X. From the amount of sodium hydroxide needed, the value of P may be calculated. physical chemical (can't decide) D A sample of X is carefully weighed and put inside a vented flask. Water is added to the flask until it just covers the sample, and the volume of sample and water is recorded. Then the sample is removed and the volume of water alone recorded. From the mass of the sample and the difference in volumes, the value of D may be calculated. physical chemical (can't decide) C A sample of X is carefully weighed and put inside a sealed calorimeter. Pure oxygen gas is injected into the calorimeter, and the mixture ignited. After all of X has reacted with the oxygen gas, the temperature rise of the calorimeter is measured. From this change in temperature the value of C may be calculated. physical chemical (can't decide)