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Mandrake Falls High School is experimenting with a weekend course in laboratory techniques. Of the 200 students enrolled in lab classes at Mandrake, only 73 have been able to take the techniques course. Mandrake is interested in evaluating the course's effectiveness in propagating safety in the laboratories. During regular lab classes, lab instructors have recorded harmful lab incidents: accidents, misuse of lab equipment, etc. The school is looking at the data and examining two variables: laboratory performance ("involved in no incident", "involved in exactly one incident", or "involved in 2+ incidents") and status regarding lab techniques course ("took the techniques course" or "didn't take the techniques course"). The contingency table below gives a summary of the data that have been gathered so far. In each of the 6 cells of the table are three numbers: the first number is the observed cell frequency (f0); the second number is the expected cell frequency ( fk ) under the assumption that there is no relationship between students' laboratory performances and whether or not they took the techniques course; and the third number is the following value. (Observed cell frequency - Expected cell frequency )^2 / Expected cell frequency The numbers labeled "Total" are totals for observed frequency. - Laboratory performance: Involved in no incident, Involved in exactly one incident, Involved in 2+ incidents - Status regarding lab techniques course: Took the techniques course, Didn't take the techniques course Laboratory Performance Involved in no incident Involved in exactly one incident Involved in 2+ incidents Total ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Took the techniques course 31 26 16, 15.70, 0.006 73 Didn't take the techniques course 66 34 27, 27.31, 0.004 127 Total 97 60 43 200 (a) Determine the type of test statistic to use. Type of test statistic: (b) Find the value of the test statistic. (Round to two or more decimal places.)
Distinguish between absolute and relative change. Choose the correct answer below. A. Absolute change is the size of the actual increase or decrease from a reference value in comparison to the new value and can be expressed as a percentage. Relative change describes the actual increase or decrease from a reference value to a new value. B. Absolute change is the size of the actual increase or decrease from a reference value in comparison to the reference value and can be expressed as a percentage. Relative change describes the actual increase or decrease from a reference value to a new value. C. Absolute change describes the actual increase or decrease from a reference value to a new value. Relative change is the size of the absolute change in comparison to the reference value and can be expressed as a percentage. D. Absolute change describes the actual increase or decrease from a reference value to a new value. Relative change is the size of the absolute change in comparison to the new value and can be expressed as a percentage. Give an example that illustrates how a relative change is calculated. Choose the correct answer below. A. If the new value is 50 and the reference value is 20, then relative change = (50-20)/50 × 100% = 60%. B. If the new value is 50 and the reference value is 20, then relative change = 50-20 = 30. C. If the new value is 50 and the reference value is 20, then relative change = (50-20)/20 × 100% = 150%. D. If the new value is 50 and the reference value is 20, then relative change = 20-50 = -30.