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T細胞やB細胞の一部は,19として長期間体内に残る。同じ宿原体が倀入した登には,19がきわめて短時間で強い兔疫反応を引き起こす。このような,同じ病原体が再び侵入したときに起こる免疫反応は20と呼ばれる。 自然免疫と緊得免涭の還い -21免疫では,图々の免疫細胞が幅広く病原体やその感染細胞を涊識する。一方, 22免疫で偪く偪々のリンパ球は,ごく限られた物質を抗原として特異的に認識する。 -B 細胞やT細胞では,ふつう,自己のからだの物質に反応するものは,未熟な段倩で排除されたり,成熟しても鲯きが押制されたりする。このように,ある抗原に対して猚得免疫の反応がみられない状龍を2という。また,24は,病原体を認識して活性化すると,抗原を提示してT細胞を活性化する。これにより,病原体に対する25免疫反応が起こる。 -自然免疫の奻果は数時間で現れるが,獲得免疫では特定の病原体を認識する26増殖する必要があるため,刘果を現すのに1還間以上の時間がかかる。 -獲得免疫は,自然免疫で働く7細胞によって認導される。また,獲得免疫がはじまると, 28細胞や抗体が,自然免疫の動きを增強する。このように,自然免疫と獲得免疫は,互いに活性化し合って,一体となって偤く。 免疫と生活 (1)免疫の翼常による疾患 -29:自己の成分に対する免疫反応によって生じる疾患。例:関節リウマチ -30:病原体以外の本来は無害な買物に対して起こる,過敏で生体に不都合な獲得免疫反応。その原因となる抗原を31という。ハチの表などの体内への俊入に対して, )という。急激な血圧低下や呼吸困雉などの全身性症状が現れることを32 -33:HIV(ヒト免疫不全ウイルス)の感染によって34獲得免疫の偶きが低下する疾患。日和見感染症への感染やがんの発症が起こりやすくなる。 免疫と医療 -35:二次応答を利用。 36(弱毒化•死滅した病原体や毒素)を接種し,体内に37をつくらせて感染症を予防する。 -38:ウマなどにつくらせた抗体を含む39を患者に投与して治療する。
Bros256-Week 1 Case Study: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease The stomach acts as a major site of protein digestion, utilizing a mixture of hydrochloric acid and proteases to breakdown complex proteins into peptides that can be further digested in the small Intestine. However, the utilization of such a strong acid within the body can lead to tissue deterioration if steps are not taken by the digestive system. Within the stomach, mucosal cells can secrete an alkaline mucus that will coat the stomach mucosal lining, preventing the acid from coming into direct contact with the lining. Some conditions such as in peptic ulcers will result in patches within the stomach lining that are not protected with mucus, leading to the acid breaking down the lining. To prevent the acid from escaping the confines of the stomach, sphincters are utilized to prevent the flow of acid up through the esophagus (lower esophageal sphincter) and down to the duodenum (pyloric sphincter). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid is regurgitated into the esophagus and can lead to a burning sensation in the chest, a sour taste in the back of the throat, sore throat, nausea, and bloating. Some of the conditions that can increase the prevalence of GERD include the consumption of excessive amounts of caffeine, alcohol, chocolate, or spicy foods; pregnancy; delayed stomach emptying; and birth defects such as esophageal atresia (narrowing) and hernias. Common treatments include a change in lifestyle and diet, antacids, histamine H2-receptor antagonist medications, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Antacids work by neutralizing the stomach acid and inhibiting the proteases. Histamine H-receptor antagonists work by preventing the inflammatory responses within the stomach, leading to less production of stomach acid. Proton pump inhibitors act on the proton pumps found in stomach acid producing cells and preventing the pushing of hydrogen ions into the lumen of the stomach, preventing stomach acid from being produced. Background: Siobhan Smith, a 45-year-old instructor, has come to the clinic to discuss frequent "heartburn and vomiting" for the past 3 months. She has no issues with swallowing, food getting stuck, or respiratory issues. There is no abdominal pain. She has tried over-the counter antacids with only a little relief. Desired Outcomes: 1. Determine if Siobhan's sensations of "heartburn" are, in fact, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). 2. Educate Siobhan on the potential causes of GERD. 3. Identify appropriate recommendations based on the findings of a GI endoscopy. Findings: Siobhan's upper GI endoscopy found inflammation within the esophageal and pharyngeal mucosa. No abnormal findings were found within the stomach of intestines. A further esophageal pH test determined that excess acid was built up within the esophagus. Questions: 1. What is the anatomical structure that malfunctions in individuals with GERD? 2. Explain how stomach acid can affect mucus membranes that are not adequately protected.